Interval-valued data analysis and symbolic data techniques have emerged as vital tools in managing uncertainty and complexity inherent in modern datasets. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on ...

Interval-valued optimization problems constitute a rapidly evolving field in applied mathematics and engineering, addressing situations where uncertainty and imprecision are inherent in model ...

Background The PR interval is a ubiquitous parameter available to all clinicians. Studies on associated risk have been ...

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information used for research. Collecting data is one of the most important steps in the research process, and is part of all disciplines ...