Jun 20, 2025 · However, while much research has focused on “bias” in referees’ decisions, this review examines an equally critical issue: referees’ decision-making noise.

Sep 30, 2021 · In this paper, we draw on data from the major Rugby League competition in Australia between the years 1978 to 2019 to examine whether clubs fare significantly better or …

Using notational analysis, this investigation used three trained professional soccer referees to assess the decisions made by match-day officials in favor of home and away teams during the …

This paper provides an updated narrative review of the home advantage in sports, with a particular interest in the impact of refereeing.

Anchoring is a form of path-dependence through which the opinions of those who speak early have a stronger influence on the outcome of deliberation than the opinions of those who speak …

In this work we revisit and extend some of the existing work on implicit biases in refereeing. In particular, we focus on refereeing in the NBA and examine three different types of implicit bias; …

Jan 8, 2021 · Conferences entrust college football referees to impartially officiate games. However, a growing body of research documents officiating biases in sports. We focus on bias …

Mar 3, 2024 · Even after decades of research, it is largely unclear how the various factors that cause the home advantage act and interact with one another. This paper provides an updated …

Feb 27, 2020 · Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether football referees in the Norwegian Premier League (NPL) showed bias based on team success when making …

In this paper, we argue that sports organisations ought to require referees to undergo implicit bias testing as part of their mandatory training, in order to gain knowledge about biases and...