In causal inference, a confounder[a] is a variable that affects both the dependent variable and the independent variable, creating a spurious relationship. [1][2][3]

May 29, 2020 · What is a confounding variable? Confounding variables (a.k.a. confounders or confounding factors) are a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s …

Jun 9, 2021 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can …

Sep 15, 2020 · A confounder affects both the independent and dependent variables. In contrast, a mediator or effect modifier does not affect the independent variable, but does modify the effect …

A confounder is thus a third variable—not the exposure, and not the outcome [2] —that biases the measure of association we calculate for the particular exposure/outcome pair.

Confounder (also called confounding variable) is one of those statistical terms that confuses a lot of people. Not because it represents a confusing concept, but because of how it’s used.

CONFOUNDER meaning: 1. something that affects the result of a scientific experiment in a way that makes it less clear…. Learn more.